David Cameron finally has an opinion, and
it is against multiculturalism. Now, this is hardly a novel position, but it almost immediately makes me feel uncomfortable. After all, what is multiculturalism? Fortunately, Cameron is on-hand to clarify - he's against "state multiculturalism". Which makes some sense to me - any state-led attempt to graft some sort of blueprint onto society doesn't tend to end well. The irony that this is the same David Cameron who is attempting to nudge us into his Big Society is not lost on me, though.
But why doesn't David Cameron think state multiculturalism is working? Well, he's against extremism; which, I suppose, is a logical position for a conservative. Of course, he's particularly against Muslim extremism, and seems to be doing little to tackle other forms of extremism - like the luddite reactionary racism of the EDL and the BNP. Furthermore, there seems to be little said about tackling the sort of extremists who march in the streets of London, demanding revolution before lobbing fire extinguishers off rooftops at police officers. Then again, the latter cant be grafted onto his narrative about the failure of multiculturalism. And that, of course, is a crushing blow to Cameron's case; extremism is not just about multiculturalism. It can occur whenever there is disagreement which - given we are a diverse society - is inevitable. And while extremism is often a cause for concern, disagreement and diversity shouldn't be. And anyone who, as Cameron seems to be doing in this speech, calls for some sort of collective identity to overcome such disagreement and diversity is being grossly illiberal.
Which is ironic, since Cameron is calling for a "much more active, muscular liberalism". The language immediately makes me feel faintly nauseous; Cameron here (deliberately or otherwise) sounds like one of those US Libertarians who speak in non-sequiturs like "in order to have a free country we must have a strong state". But let's give him the benefit of the doubt and see what he means by this vision of liberalism:
"Let's properly judge these organisations: Do they believe in universal human rights - including for women and people of other faiths? Do they believe in equality of all before the law? Do they believe in democracy and the right of people to elect their own government? Do they encourage integration or separatism?
"These are the sorts of questions we need to ask. Fail these tests and the presumption should be not to engage with organisations."
Ah, now this is more like it - vintage Cameron. Talking purely in meaningless platitudes. Let's look at some of these terms he's bandying around. First up, "universal human rights". Quite simply, these do not exist. There are no human rights that every state - let alone every person - is prepared to agree on. Pointing to North Korea is an easy way to demonstrate this, but we could also look at the US - our partners with whom we have a "special relationship". Their version of human rights does not match our one; not only do they execute people, but they are prepared to execute children. Universal human rights do not exist; how can anyone pass a test based on what does not exist?
And what of democracy? Cameron makes much of Islamic extremism. Yet look at a state often seen to embody Islamic extremism: Iran. Iran - like it or not - is a democracy, in that an elite choose candidates who stand for election. Sure, you can say that isn't particularly democratic - but then again, an elite choosing which candidates can stand in an election is a pretty good description of the dominant party politics of the UK. Furthermore, this sort of rhetoric falls foul of the fallacy that democracy is an end in itself; it isn't. It can help to bring freedom, diversity and a better life for many; but there is no guarantee that democracy can do it alone. Besides, democracy does not necessarily bring you the results you want. Again, look at the response to the last Iranian presidential election in the West. Still, at least this is a test many can pass: extremists can like democracy too.
And encouraging integration rather than separation - let's skip over the spectre of conformism inherent in the idea of integration for a moment and instead think about those who encourage separation. There are many people in this country who stand opposed to further integration into Europe - including in Cameron's own party. There are those who advocate separation from the EU. Are these extremists? Is UKIP really a challenge to the fabric of British society? Should Cameron refuse to stand next to those members of his Cabinet who have a Eurosceptic voting record? No, of course not. But the sort of terms that Cameron uses are so broad that they can be interpreted in any number of different ways. They are meaningless; yet they are the terms he will use to discover who the extremists are. In other words, the definition of an extremist is entirely at his discretion.
Multiculturalism may not have worked; but conformism is not then, ipso facto, the answer. Nor is it realistic; as soon as you try to force people to become what they are not, and believe in what they cannot, you run the risk of radicalising people. That's another irony of Cameron's plans; in fighting extremists, he runs the risk of creating more extremists. If multiculturalism is the problem, then Cameron still doesn't have the solution.
And is there a solution? Possibly, but it isn't an easy one. It involves understanding, and embracing, the fact of value-pluralism in humans at the same time as being guided by something like the harm principle. Or, to put it another way, you can believe what you like and cannot be forced to conform to the belief systems of anyone else - even the Prime Minister - just so long as your actions do not encroach on the freedoms of others. Yeah, it's not perfect and yeah, in a country where conformity is seen by many as something to aspire to, it isn't going to be easy. But it is perhaps the best we have to offer when people aren't going to agree, no matter how David Cameron might want them to.
Labels: Cameron, Extremism, Fundamentalism, Islam, multiculturalism, Racism